IFRS 9 implications on Accounts Receivable Open Items.

Dear,
IFRS 9 implications go further than what many Banks and Corporates executives expect. For this reason, many Banks and Corporates are far from being ready to be compliant to IFRS 9, which is mandatory from January 1st, 2018.

A particularly interesting example is the management and Value Recognition of Account Receivable Open Items on IFRS 9.

According to IFRS 9 Accounts Receivable Open Items are classified as LAR (Loans and Receivables) and valuated at Amortized Cost using the effective interest method. Technically, this means to determine the Cost of Capital related to the Open Item (considering the Probability of Default of the Counter-party and Loss Given Default of the Exposure) and penalize its Nominal Value accordingly.

Remember that not only banks, but also publicly listed companies are subject to IFRS 9, which means that in 2 months they should have developed the Risk Models for determining the Probability of Defaults of their clients, and Loss Given Defaults of their Account Receivable Open Items. 

Are they going to be ready on time? We’ll see.

But let’s look at the IFRS 9 implications from the Banks perspective.

Factoring is a very common Financial Service offered by Banks for the management of Account Receivables; with Factoring a Corporate “sales” its Account Receivable rights to a Bank in exchange for cash, which means that the Bank is taking the counterparty Risk and the Cost of Capital related to the Assets (Accounts Receivable Open Items).

Again, this means that in 2 months they should have developed the Risk Models for determining the Probability of Defaults of the counterparties of the acquired  Account Receivables, and Loss Given Defaults of the related Exposures, so they can valuate the acquired assets at Amortized Cost, using the effective interest method. . 

Are they going to be ready on time? We’ll see.

But the analysis becomes a little bit more complicated when we look carefully at the IFRS 9 implications for the acquired assets. If the Bank acquiring the assets has the positive intention to hold to maturity the acquired assets, they are classified as LAR and valuated at Amortized Cost (analogously as the corporate would), but if not, they must be valuated at Fair Value, which obviously brings new challenges to the Valuation of the acquired assets.

Once again, are they going to be ready on time? We’ll see.

On the other hand, there are two different Financial Services related to  Accounts Receivable Open Items, one is the Factoring, that we analyzed above, the second one is Invoice Discounting.

With Invoice Discounting Financial Service, a Corporate borrows cash from a Bank, using its Account Receivable Open Items as Collateral of the Loan.

With Invoice Discounting, the Counterparty Risk remains in the Corporate and the associated Cost of Capital of the Account Receivable Open Items must be posted in the Corporate books. Additionally, the Corporate holds a liability (the money borrowed from the Bank) that must also be reflected in the Corporate books.

SAP offers a complete solution for the management of the Account Receivables Open Items and the Factoring and Invoice Discounting Financial Services related, combining FI-CA, Bank Analyzer and other modules, but this blog has become too long, we’ll talk about it in a future one.

Looking forward to read your opinions.
Kind Regards,
Ferran.

www.capitency.com

Join the SAP Banking Group at: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/92860

Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/

Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Ferran.frances@capitency.com

The European Central Bank increases Capital Requirements. It is time for SAP Bank Analyzer.

Dear,

As we have commented in previous blogs, the Financial System is at the middle of a Systemic Transformation, from a model based in Volume to a model based in Capital Optimization.

The transformation is forced by the regulators, by increasing Capital Levels (Basel III, Basel IV. TLAC), implementing new Accounting Principles (From Nominal Accounting and Incurred Losses to IFRS Accounting and Expected Losses) or increasing Reporting Requirements with BCBS 235.

Last week, the European Central Bank released a new draft on Provisioning Requirements for Non Performing Loans. 

You can find the details here.

https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2017/html/ssm.pr171004.en.html

In a nutshell, the new requirements increase pressure on European Banks to reduce Non Performing Loans in their balance sheets. 

Currently, European banks hold one trillion Euros of Non Performing Loans. On average, the coverage of this type of assets is 45%; with this new regulation, Non Performing Loans with collateral must be 100% provisioned in seven years, and Non Performing Loans without collateral must be fully covered in two years.

On the other hand, ECB which has been reducing Bank’s cost of capital by acquiring Bank’s bonds during each of the quantitative-easing cycles, it’s close to reduce significantly the size of this purchases.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-12/ecb-is-said-to-consider-cutting-qe-purchases-in-half-next-year

As Capital becomes more scarce and expensive, the priority becomes Capital Optimization, this is the foundation of the Financial System which is emerging from this Systemic Crisis.

SAP provides the Best of Breed Capital Optimizer with SAP Bank Analyzer; with SAP Bank Analyzer, banks executives get an answer to the three most critical questions of strategic management in the new paradigm.

- How much Profit is the bank’s making in each business segment?

- How much Capital is the bank’s consuming in each business segment?

- How much Liquidity is the bank’s consuming (or generating) in each business segment?

Recently, a group of experienced SAP Banking consultants have decided to join our efforts in an initiative, for providing SAP Banking transformation programs, with focus in Capital Optimization; the result is Capitency.

www.capitency.com

In Capitency, we believe that SAP technology is critical for providing bank’s with Capital Optimization Information Systems, helping them with the challenges of the Systemic Transformation.

We are looking forward to accompany you during this journey.

www.capitency.com

Join the SAP Banking Group at: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/92860

Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/

Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,

Ferran Frances.

Ferran.frances@capitency.com

The road to IFRS 9 and IFRS 17 compliance with SAP Bank Analyzer.

Dear,
On January 1st, 2018 (5 months from now), IFRS 9 becomes effective.
We’ve talked about IFRS 9 in previous blogs, in general this is not just a new regulation, it actually represents a paradigm change in the valuation of the Financial Instruments.

IFRS 9  implementation has been a long journey, the first discussion paper was published by the International Accounting Standard Board in March 2008. The paper proposed that all financial instruments should be valuated at fair value. Some months later, as a result of the financial crisis of 2008, the IASB decided to revise their accounting standards according to some recommendations of this paper.

After 9 years, all Banks should be ready for presenting their books according to the new standards; we’ll see next year if they really are.

In my opinion IFRS 9 represents two critical challenges:

- According to a survey conducted by the European Banking Authority,  European banks estimate an increase of provisions of 18% on average (and up to 30% for 86% of the respondents) compared to the current levels of provisions under IAS 39. On the other hand, the common equity tier 1 (CET1) ratios are expected to decrease on average by up to 59 basis points (bps) (and up to 75 bps for 79% of the respondents). In limited cases the impact of IFRS 9 could be higher. This represents a very relevant reduction of the Capital ratios of Banks, reducing their capacity to lend and invest.

http://www.eba.europa.eu/-/eba-provides-its-views-on-the-implementation-of-ifrs-9-and-its-impact-on-banks-across-the-eu

- Regulators are watching very closely and they are expecting robust reporting systems, providing reconcilable results, proving the strict implementation of the standards. This represents a lot of stress on the Information Systems of Banks, many of them supported by legacy systems, which are far from being capable of fulfilling the regulators expectations.

SAP Bank Analyzer provides the best answer for tackling these challenges:
Bank Analyzer provides the Fair Value of every Financial Transaction (Over The Counter Contract) and every Financial Instrument (Security or Listed Derivative) with the AFI Module. Additionally, determines the Risk Weighted Assets (Capital Requirements) of every contract, with the Basel III Module.

With information, the Banks Capital Managers can determine contract by contract the Profit or Losses generated by every Contract, and the Capital consumed by it.

Additionally, every contract is categorized by a set of Reporting Dimensions which will provide the basis for Business and Regulatory Reporting. Aggregating bottom up every contract, according to the values of its Reporting Dimensions, the Banks Capital Managers will estimate the Profit or Losses generated by every micro-portfolio, including the performance of the portfolio in stressed scenarios.

Insurance companies, will face very similar challenges with the implementation of IFRS 17, with effective date January 1, 2021, and Bank Analyzer, or in this case Insurance Analyzer, is also the best alternative to support the challenges that will come with it.

We’ll talk about it in a future blog.

Looking forward to read your opinions.

Join the SAP Banking Group at: https://www.linkedin.com/groups/92860

Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/

Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,

Ferran Frances.

Capital Optimization and the Business Case for SAP Bank Analyzer.

Dear,

Some weeks ago, I had the chance to speak with a reader of this blog, who holds a senior position in an Investment Fund.
He said “literally” that the new era of Banking is going to be dominated by Capital, as the previous era was dominated by Debt. An alternative way of saying that we’re moving from a Financial System driven by Volume to a Financial System driven by Capital Optimization.

According to some estimates, European Banks may face a Capital gap of $128 Billion with the implementation of the new regulation drawn by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-13/european-banks-may-face-128-billion-capital-gap-as-basel-bites

Rising this Capital is going to have a profound impact on the European Banks’ profits and return on equity. Capital determines the capacity of a Bank for Lending or Investing; it is the main resource for supporting Bank’s activities.

As the Banks’ main resource (Capital) becomes scarce, the only alternative is managing this resource efficiently, which brings the question: how can we optimize the consumption of a critical resource?
Optimizing the consumption of a critical resource is a two steps activity:

1) Measuring accurately the consumption of the critical resource.

2) Planning and simulating the consumption of the critical resource under different conditions.

Bank Analyzer offers multiple advantages in the accurate measurement of the banks Capital consumption.

- Risk Exposures are evaluated individually.

- Bank Analyzer offers standard integration with the Operational Banking system, avoiding data mismatching and Operational errors.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reducing-operational-costs-sap-banking-standard-ferran-frances

- Risk dimensions can be freely determined and assigned to the risk exposures, facilitating the multi-factor analysis of the portfolios behavior in stress-scenarios.

Additionally, the high-performance of the SAP HANA In Memory Database facilitates fast calculations of the Risk Weighted Assets and Capital Consumption, under multiple sets of planning data. Fast computing is the prerequisite for running simulation scenarios.

If the new banking era is driven by Capital efficiency, there’s no more critical activity than preparing the organizations for the systemic change.
For most people, SAP Bank Analyzer is the SAP component for preparing the regulatory reporting of a bank; this is a limited vision of SAP business case.
How do we want to sale a Bank Analyzer project if the message is:

“With SAP Bank Analyzer you’re going to report how well or how bad the bank performed in the last quarter.”

Is this management or  should we do better?
Management requires planning, optimization and strategic alignment.

With Bank Analyzer, we can establish the foundation of an IT Architecture for providing answers to the most important concerns that bankers and  regulators have in the new system.

- What’s the profit I expect to make with this strategic plan?

- How much capital will be consumed with this strategic plan?

- How much liquidity will be consumed?

This is the true value proposition of Bank Analyzer, and sooner than later it will be recognized.

Looking forward to read your opinions.

Join the SAP Banking Group at: http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/
Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/
Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,
Ferran Frances.

Reconciling IFRS and Basel III with the Integrated Financial and Risk Architecture of SAP Bank Analyzer.

Dear,

As we commented in previous blogs, we’re in the middle of a systemic transformation; from a Financial System based in Volume to a Financial System based in efficient management of Capital.
And in a globalized Financial System, efficient Capital Management requires a commonly accepted regulatory framework, for measuring the Capital consumed by bank’s assets.

Today’s main sources of regulation for banks are; the International Accounting Standard Board (IFRS), and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel III).

http://www.ifrs.org/About-us/IASB/Pages/Home.aspx

https://www.bis.org/bcbs/

The main responsibility of the BCBS is establishing the Capital Requirements for assuring the financial stability of the banking system, while the main responsibility of the IASB is establishing Fair Valuations of the assets.

Actually, both organizations are looking at the same problem, of measuring Capital consumption, from different perspectives.

- IFRS. The Fair Valuation of a Financial Assets, determines the provisions which adjust the Nominal Value of the Asset to a Fair Value, which includes the “Cost of Risk”.

- Basel III. The Capital requirements of an asset determine the capital consumed by investing (or lending).

It sounds reasonable to establish some level of reconciliation between the two approaches.

Basel III requires Banks to accumulate Capital during the expansion phase of the economic cycle, to cope with potential losses during the contraction phase of the economic cycle. These Countercyclical capital requirements are not linked to any particular loan, so they are Generic.

On the other hand, the International Financial Reporting Standards establishes the provisions, that banks must recognize, for covering the losses on their portfolio, due to events which have already happened and will affect future cash flows.

Part of these losses, come from detected failed loans, but others come from failed loans that we’re aware that exist in the portfolio, but we haven’t detected yet. For that reason, we have to evaluate the whole portfolio and adjust its value globally, also with the format of a Generic Provision.

But the problem remains, how to determine the Fair Provision for a non-visible failed loan?

An interesting approach for determining the value of these generic provisions, utilizes the Internal Ratings-Based Approach of the Credit Risk Calculation (Basel III).

For the IRB Credit Risk Calculation, we have to evaluate several components; the Probability of Default (PD), the Loss Given Default (LGD), the Exposure at Default (EAD) and the maturity of the contracts (M).

Additionally, the IRB approach let us calculate the expected losses of the portfolio (EL), which is the expected loss for every loan that we can calculate with the following formula:

EL=PD*LGD*EAD

As a driver of our reconciliation exercise, we're using the concept of Expected Losses of IRB, which is close to the concept of Incurred Losses of IFRS but not exactly the same.

The Expected Losses of the IRB approach is the average flow of losses that the internal rating calculation methods forecasts that is going to materialize in one year, while the Incurred Losses of the IFRS is the stock of existing losses of the portfolio at any given time, due to events in the past which will generate losses in the future.

Both, Incurred Losses and Expected Losses are different from the yearly manifested losses (flow of yearly defaults) and consequently the yearly flow of specific provisions.

Nevertheless, we can calculate the Incurred Losses according to the IFRS, by estimating the yearly flow of expected losses, and the time from the event which makes the loan failed, and the time when the failed loan becomes visible. This period between both events is called Loss Identification Period (LIP).

For instance if the counter-party losses his job, becoming incapable of fulfilling his payment obligations 18 months later, the Loss Identification Period would be 18 months.

Consequently if we know both magnitudes (the Expected Losses and the Loss Identification Period) we can estimate the Incurred Losses multiplying both.

For example, if the calculated Expected Losses of our portfolio (IRB Approach) are 45 million dollars/year and the average Loss Identification Period is 2 years, that means the Incurred Loss in our portfolio is 90 million dollars.

Incurred Losses (IFRS) = Expected Losses (IRB Approach) * Loss Identification Period

On the expansion phase of the economic cycle the Loss Identification Period is longer due to the easiness for refinancing policies supported but the good economic conditions.

And according to the formula the longer Loss Identification Period will make the Incurred Losses higher during the expansion phase.

This way, we’re reconciling the calculation of the IFRS Generic Provisions with the counter-cyclical capital buffer, requested by Basel III

Bringing the above method to the management of a real bank’s portfolio, requires an integrated Accounting (IFRS) and Risk (Basel III) management system, in a holistic data-model.

This is the foundation of the Integrated Financial and Risk Architecture of Bank Analyzer.

And this is what makes it the best system for measuring and optimizing the capital of a bank.

Looking forward to read your opinions.
Join the SAP Banking Group at: http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/
Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/
Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,
Ferran Frances.

Accepting the Systemic Change. From a Financial System based in Volume to a Financial System based in Capital Optimization.

Dear

Some months, ago most of European banks complained that the low interest policy of the ECB was damaging their profitability.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-01/european-banks-feel-the-pinch-from-draghi-s-negative-rates

But today we read that if the ECB reduces the stimulus, this will increase dramatically the risk of their bad loans.

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-banks-regulations-idUSKBN16M23T

In conclusion, the problem is not low or high interest rates, because this has never been a liquidity problem. This a solvency problem due to Capital scarcity.

But assuming this has consequences; because it represents a Systemic Change, from a Financial System based in Volume to a Financial System based in Capital Optimization.

We'll talk about them in a future blog.

Looking forward to read your opinions.

Join the SAP Banking Group at: http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/92860

Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/

Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,

Ferran Frances.

Artificial Intelligence and Financial Chatbots with SAP Banking.

Dear,
As the Financial System passes the transition period; from a model based in Volume to a model based in efficient Management of Capital, Banks are pushed by two main forces; cost reduction and innovation.

Some weeks ago, we could read that Bank of America has opened several branches without employees.

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-bank-of-america-idUSKBN15M2DY

This is just the beginning, as technology evolves, new IT-supported interaction channels between banks and clients will be implemented, reducing costs and improving efficiency.

One of the most innovative technologies are the Financial Chatbots, computer systems capable of conducting conversations via auditory or textual methods.

Financial Chatbots have existed for more than 20 years, but new computing capabilities have brought a new concept on conversational interaction with computers .

While traditional Chatbots were based on a set of rules, taking actions and giving advises by selecting options in an predetermined decision tree; newest Financial Chatbots support their decisions in Artificial Intelligence algorithms.

- Financial Chatbots based on rules provide limited functionalities, offering answers and questions according to sets and sequences of deterministic rules.

- Financial Chatbots supported by Neural Networks understand the context of the conversation, and learn from conversations they have with people.

What do Financial Chatbots represent in the Technological Architecture of a Bank’s Information System.

Financial Chatbots, in combination with the development of other interaction technologies, offer a great potential of cost reduction and customer service. But the limits of this technology will be determined, not by doing the same activities automatically, but by facilitating new value propositions.

The best example is Google, which just two years ago, introduced a new system for generating responses to search queries, with the self-learning capacities of the Artificial Intelligence; replacing the search engine algorithm that made the company successful.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-26/google-turning-its-lucrative-web-search-over-to-ai-machines

The key word is relevancy; Bank’s will only take advantage of the full potential of their Artificial Intelligence initiatives, if their information systems are capable of capturing, storing and managing all the relevant data.

This is a serious challenge, as banks information systems are supported by Silo style Information Systems; poorly integrated, and with limited capacity of crossing information by processes, products, requirements, client’s profile, etc.

Lifting this limitation requires:
- An integrated data-model, capable of providing relevant data that the Analytical Information System can process, feeding the Artificial Intelligence System.

- A High Performance Predictive Technology supporting the learning process of the the Artificial Intelligence System.

SAP Banking provides the technological architecture for tackling both requirements:

- An integrated data-model, including client’s experience, holistic business partner description, operational processes, solvency, profitability and accounting.

- The SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library for supporting Artificial Intelligence developments.

With this two technological pillars, SAP Banking can provide the foundation of a new generation of  “Smart Banks”; taking advantage of the he Artificial Intelligence revolution, not only in client interaction, but in most of the bank’s core activities.

For instance, recently, we’ve participated in a research initiative for evaluating the potential of the Neural Networks in solving Capital Adequacy Requirements simulations.

Imagine the potential of translating the result of these simulations in marketing campaigns, private banking activities or risk mitigation initiatives.

We’re just at the beginning of the Artificial Intelligence revolution, we’ll look at other examples of this revolution in a future blog.

Looking forward to read your opinions.

Join the SAP Banking Group at: http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/92860
Visit my SAP Banking Blog at: http://sapbank.blogspot.com/
Let's connect on Twitter: @FerranFrancesGi

Kind Regards,
Ferran Frances.